Daeng Soetigna adalah tokoh angklung modern yang pada tahun 1938 berhasil membuat angklung diatonis yang digubahnya dari angklung tradisional pentatonis.
Menurut Daeng Soetigna angklung memiliki karakteristik-karakteristik unik yang membuatnya mampu bertahan meskipun berasal dari kesenian tradisionil. Karakteristik tersebut diutarakan oleh Daeng Soetigna dengan sebutan 5M, yaitu:
1 Mudah: tidak diperlukan teknik yang sulit untuk dapat memainkan angklung
2 Murah: dibandingkan alat musik modern yang lain seperti guitar atau piano.
3 Menarik:keunikannya membangkitkan perhatian terhadap musik
4 Mendidik: mengajarkan kerjasama,disiplin,ketangkasan
5 Massal: cocok dimainkan oleh banyak orang.
Dengan karakteristik diatas,tidak mengherankan apabila angklung menjadi terkenal di seluruh dunia,bahkan alat musik angklung diusulkan masuk daftar warisan budaya dunia.
Namun dipandang dari sisi produsen sejalan dengan meningkatnya popularitas angklung,karakteristik 5M (mudah,murah,menarik,mendidik,massal) tidak cukup memuaskan konsumen.Konsumen tidak puas dengan hanya unik dan menarik dari segi penampilan saja,tetapi juga menuntut 1 “M” lagi yaitu mutu,baik mutu suara maupun keawetan alat musik.
Suara yang di tune dengan akurat diperlukan untuk berkolaborasi dengan alat musik modern yang lain.
Untuk mendapatkan “M”(mutu) yang satu ini diperlukan kerja ekstra yang menyita biaya dan waktu yaitu:
-perlu lebih memperhatikan proses pengeringan bahan bambu untuk angklung.
-perlu melakukan proses sortir terhadap tabung tabung angklung yang bersuara kurang nyaring.
-perlu melakukan proses double tuning,pertama dengan alat tuning computer,kedua di tuning secara manual dengan kepekaan pendengaran.
Sebaliknya dari sisi lain lagi,beberapa orang yang awam masih belum dapat membedakan antara angklung untuk souvenir dan angklung sebagai alat musik,yang perbandingan harga diantara keduanya cukup jauh.
By: LM
Feb 21, 2010
Feb 19, 2010
The Origin of African Xylophones from Indonesia?
Contemplating the Origin of African Xylophones
While the xylophone is the most prominent instrument among the Chopi, they also use drums (Ncinga and Ngoma cikulu), idiophones, chordophones (such as the chizambi musical bow), and aerophones (ocarinas). The historical distribution of xylophones in Africa is not very well understood, partially because of the tentative and conflicting evidence for its cultural and geographic origins. Xylophones in Africa are most abundantly found in West Africa above 15 degrees N latitude, and Eastern and Southern Africa between 5 and 12 degrees S latitude, though they are also very common in Central Africa. While the origins of xylophones in Africa remain unknown, some theorists have argued that they are indigenous to the continent (Ankermann), while others have proposed that they were brought over from Indonesia (Kunst and Hornbostel).
It has been suggested that Portuguese trade ships may have transported the concept of xylophones from Indonesia, however an account from an early Arabic traveler identifies xylophones in Niger in 1352 A.D., predating the arrival of the Portuguese by at least 300 years (Jones 1964:148). Historians speculate that Indonesians settled in Mozambique around 500 ce, based upon evidence of their settlement in other large river valleys in Africa (Mozambique 2004). This makes a very strong case for the potential influence of Indonesian musical practices and instrumental resources in Mozambique. A.M. Jones is one theorist who has written extensively on this connection, and has argued that several common musical characteristics demonstrate this cultural relationship, including the equiheptatonic tuning of the Chopi timbila (1964). As mentioned earlier, the size of Chopi xylophone ensembles is unique amongst African xylophone traditions, which represents another possible connection to Indonesia, along with the highly orchestrated Ngodo dance dramas similar to Gamelan shadow puppet dramas. It is however, important to distinguish between influences and origins, as the latter is extremely difficult to pin down and can become overshadowed by accounts of the former. Thus while xylophone practices in southern and eastern Africa have almost certainly been influenced by Indonesian travelers and settlers, they may have originated on the continent, and have undoubtedly been developed according to a deeply African musical sensibility.
The lamellophone is another instrument that is widely dispersed throughout southern, central, and eastern Africa, and has been linked to the development of xylophones in several different studies. Gerhard Kubik, in an examination of the origins of the lamellophone, finds that among several peoples in central, eastern, and southern Africa, the word stems for lamellophones and xylophones are the same (1999:24). He takes this line of inquiry further, suggesting that the similarity of terms demonstrates local associations between instruments, and that xylophones and lamellophones in fact developed in conjunction with each other (Kubik 1999:25). Thus the lamellophone is not an evolution of the xylophone or vice versa, but rather the lamellophone emerged in various areas of Africa through trade and invention, and was consequently developed through many of the same musical concepts used on xylophones. A similar connection was drawn by A.M. Jones earlier (though with less extensive evidence) when he argued that lamellophones originated from xylophones in the southeastern region of Africa, citing similarities in tuning systems, as well as linguistic commonalities in the terms used to describe them (Jones 1964:34). Hugh Tracey has brought this line of thinking to bear on the music of the Chopi, arguing that the Chopi timbila have an identical tuning to the nijari lamellophone of the Karanga people of Southern Rhodesia, who lived with the Chopi approximately 500 years ago (Tracey 1948:123).
From:UCLA Ethnomusicology Archive
http://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu
While the xylophone is the most prominent instrument among the Chopi, they also use drums (Ncinga and Ngoma cikulu), idiophones, chordophones (such as the chizambi musical bow), and aerophones (ocarinas). The historical distribution of xylophones in Africa is not very well understood, partially because of the tentative and conflicting evidence for its cultural and geographic origins. Xylophones in Africa are most abundantly found in West Africa above 15 degrees N latitude, and Eastern and Southern Africa between 5 and 12 degrees S latitude, though they are also very common in Central Africa. While the origins of xylophones in Africa remain unknown, some theorists have argued that they are indigenous to the continent (Ankermann), while others have proposed that they were brought over from Indonesia (Kunst and Hornbostel).
It has been suggested that Portuguese trade ships may have transported the concept of xylophones from Indonesia, however an account from an early Arabic traveler identifies xylophones in Niger in 1352 A.D., predating the arrival of the Portuguese by at least 300 years (Jones 1964:148). Historians speculate that Indonesians settled in Mozambique around 500 ce, based upon evidence of their settlement in other large river valleys in Africa (Mozambique 2004). This makes a very strong case for the potential influence of Indonesian musical practices and instrumental resources in Mozambique. A.M. Jones is one theorist who has written extensively on this connection, and has argued that several common musical characteristics demonstrate this cultural relationship, including the equiheptatonic tuning of the Chopi timbila (1964). As mentioned earlier, the size of Chopi xylophone ensembles is unique amongst African xylophone traditions, which represents another possible connection to Indonesia, along with the highly orchestrated Ngodo dance dramas similar to Gamelan shadow puppet dramas. It is however, important to distinguish between influences and origins, as the latter is extremely difficult to pin down and can become overshadowed by accounts of the former. Thus while xylophone practices in southern and eastern Africa have almost certainly been influenced by Indonesian travelers and settlers, they may have originated on the continent, and have undoubtedly been developed according to a deeply African musical sensibility.
The lamellophone is another instrument that is widely dispersed throughout southern, central, and eastern Africa, and has been linked to the development of xylophones in several different studies. Gerhard Kubik, in an examination of the origins of the lamellophone, finds that among several peoples in central, eastern, and southern Africa, the word stems for lamellophones and xylophones are the same (1999:24). He takes this line of inquiry further, suggesting that the similarity of terms demonstrates local associations between instruments, and that xylophones and lamellophones in fact developed in conjunction with each other (Kubik 1999:25). Thus the lamellophone is not an evolution of the xylophone or vice versa, but rather the lamellophone emerged in various areas of Africa through trade and invention, and was consequently developed through many of the same musical concepts used on xylophones. A similar connection was drawn by A.M. Jones earlier (though with less extensive evidence) when he argued that lamellophones originated from xylophones in the southeastern region of Africa, citing similarities in tuning systems, as well as linguistic commonalities in the terms used to describe them (Jones 1964:34). Hugh Tracey has brought this line of thinking to bear on the music of the Chopi, arguing that the Chopi timbila have an identical tuning to the nijari lamellophone of the Karanga people of Southern Rhodesia, who lived with the Chopi approximately 500 years ago (Tracey 1948:123).
From:UCLA Ethnomusicology Archive
http://www.ethnomusic.ucla.edu
Feb 18, 2010
STANDARISASI ALAT MUSIK KOLINTANG
Ketika acara pencatatan guiness book bulan oktober 2009 di Tondano,Petrus Kaseke di undang sebagai salah satu pembicara dalam forum tersebut.
Topik yang menjadi bahan pembicaraan antara lain asal usul nama kolintang dan pembagian nama alatnya.
1.Kejelasan asal usul nama Kolintang.
Karena ada beberapa versi tentang asal usul kolintang.Ada yang versi cerita rakyat tentang seorang gadis yang bernama Lintang,ada lagi versi cerita rakyat yang lain bahwa alat musik kolintang ditemukan oleh seorang pemuda ditengah hutan.
Pendapat Petrus Kaseke pribadi mengenai nama kolintang berasal dari bunyi kayu yang dipukul menghasilkan suara “tong ting tang.”
Kalau dilihat dari bahannya kolintang adalah alat musik jenis xylophone, yang asal usulnya satu akar dengan gambang dari jawa,atau kelentung(alat musik perkusi dari bilah kayu yang sudah disebutkan di dalam Kitab Suci sebagai alat musik pada jaman raja Daud).
Di Philipina dikenal pula alat musik pukul sejenis gamelan ,dengan nama yang mirip yaitu "kulintang".
2.Mengenai pembagian nama alat ,ada 3 versi yang umum digunakan.
Petrus kaseke menamakan alat alat kolintang berdasarkan karakteristik suara dan rentang nada:
1.Melody sebagai penentu lagu
2.Alto sebagai pengiring (accompanion) bernada tinggi
3.Tenor sebagai pengiring (accompanion) bernada rendah
4.Cello sebagai penentu irama dan gabungan accompanion dengan bass
5.Bass sebagai penghasil nada nada rendah.
Alasan pemberian nama diambil dari pengalamannya memimpin paduan suara dimana suara perempuan yang tinggi dan suara laki laki yang lebih rendah dibagi menjadi : sopran,alto,tenor dan bass.
Evert van lesar : dari Ikatan Pelatih Musik Kolintang Jakarta pada tahun 1996 mempopulerkan nama nama alat kolintang yang menggali dari bahasa daerah di Minahasa seperti:
Melody= Ina taweng artinya “ibu”
Tenor = Karua artinya "kedua”
Alto = katelu artinya “ketiga”
Cello = sella
Bass = loway artinya “anak laki laki yang berbadan besar”
Penamaan alat kolintang versi lainnya adalah dengan substitusi dari alat musik yang sudah ada.
Tenor = gitar ( dengan wilayah nada yang di tone sepadan dengan senar gitar terendah dan tertinggi)
Alto = Banjo (ukulele)
Untuk dapat bersaing di dunia Internasional,diperlukan standarisasi penamaan maupun standarisasi ukuran kolintang. Hasil dari pertemuan di Tondano waktu GuinessWorldRecord(Oktober 2009),ada kesepakatan dibuat standarisasi yang bisa diterima oleh “semua kalangan”.
Sebagai perbandingan, pembagian alat musik lain yang sudah popular antara lain:
Saxophone ada jenis alto saxophone,tenor saxophone.
Marimba : sopran marimba, alto marimba,bass marimba.
Biola: cello biola dan lain sebagainya.
Seperti apapun standarisasi yang akan ditetapkan,”Angklung KolintangPetrus Kaseke” sudah siap menerima,karena sebetulnya Petrus Kaseke sudah memiliki prototypenya baik kolintang model Manado yang kecil kecil(type kid kolintang),atau standar IPMKJ(type pro),maupun standar produksi Petrus Kaseke(type Internasional).
By: Markus Sugi.
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